Police Constable; PCSO, Minimisation was used via a dedicated computer programme, MinimPy [13], to ensure that the groups were balanced in terms of: number of frontline officers, including specialist roles (dichotomised as <43, ≥43 officers, which was the median of the batch), SNC (Scarborough, York, Harrogate, Hambleton and Richmondshire, Selby, and Craven) and whether Street Triage was operational in that area (Yes/No). Within each SNC, the two police stations with the highest number of frontline police officers were randomised for eligible frontline officers reporting to that station to receive either the specialised mental health training package (intervention) or routine training only (control). Funding acquisition, (Special Report No. Yes Of the 100 incidents randomly sampled and independently assessed, 10 had a mental health tag applied to them in practice. The number of incidents analysed was constrained by the number of incidents reported to NYP and attended by at least one officer from a participating trial station in the month from mid-November to mid-December 2016. Police Quarterly (PQ), peer-reviewed and published quarterly, is a scholarly journal that publishes empirical studies on issues related to policing. Training design plays a very vital role in the employee as well as organizational performance. No, Is the Subject Area "Policing" applicable to this article? PoliceOne’s Police Training and Law Enforcement Training course resources help to keep officers safer on the street by providing access to information which supports professional development and improve training. North Yorkshire Police; OR, Despite the uncertain evidence base surrounding mental health training and policing, training interventions are being introduced into police forces worldwide. York Trials Unit. There’s Only One Fix. Task analyses for skills in Experiment 1 are shown in Tables 4 (pressure point), 5 (disarming), and 6 (kick). There is an indication that following the delivery of the intervention incidents assigned to the intervention group were more likely to have a mental health tag applied to them than incidents assigned to control stations. The intervention and control groups were balanced on number of frontline officers, SNC and Street Triage (Table 1). (2009). There is evidence to suggest that significant strain on police resources comes from dealing with reported incidents involving people with mental ill health. On the job training helps employees to get the knowledge of their job in a better way (Deming, 1982). The timing of the intervention’s delivery was decided with the NYP training department to ensure that there was sufficient time for the training department to organise the release of officers to attend the training and that the training was delivered within the project’s time frame to allow for the six month follow-up period. Resources, A longer follow-up than six months, was not possible in this study but is recommended for future studies to investigate longer-term impact. Immediate online access to all issues from 2019. street triage) as the design enables a phased roll-out and robust evaluation. Article  Article  Visualization, https://doi.org/10.1108/13639510610667646. Retrieved from http://www.theiacp.org/portals/0/pdfs/publications/2001useofforce.pdf. Policing: An International Journal of Police Strategies and Management, 23, 132–153. Methodology, PoliceOne.com Investigation, Retrieved from https://ric-zai-inc.com/Publications/cops-p311-pub.pdf. ISRCTN (ISRCTN11685602). This was mostly attributed to: insufficient staff and available beds at a HBPoS; the person having consumed alcohol; or displaying and/or having a history of violence. Experiment 3 examined the content and effect of block training with scenario-based feedback across 15 weeks during the academy. At baseline, a median of 55 individuals with a mental health warning marker were involved in incidents assigned to trial stations in the intervention group, and 65 in the control group (Table 4). We objectively examined the performance and learning of 3 classes, a total of 115 cadets, across 3 representative training approaches to defensive and control tactics. The original version of this article was corrected to use the correct version of Figure 2. Health Based Place of Safety; IRR, Writing – review & editing, * E-mail: Arabella.scantlebury@york.ac.uk, Affiliation But police negotiation techniques employed by the New York City Police Department’s Hostage Negotiations Team (HNT) in high-stakes, high-pressure crisis negotiation situations, outlined in an article from Jeff Thompson and Hugh McGowan, Ph.D., are critical for any negotiator faced with high-tension conflicts in business or diplomatic negotiations. Some of the contamination in our trial was due to movement of police officers between stations. ASB, There was some contamination between the intervention and control groups as a number of officers from stations allocated to the control group inappropriately received the specialised mental health training. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40617-018-00317-2, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s40617-018-00317-2, Over 10 million scientific documents at your fingertips, Not logged in If frontline officers received training in how to effectively manage such individuals, it was hoped that this would reduce the likelihood of these individuals being involved in further incidents, thereby reducing the number of incidents being reported to the police. State and local law enforcement training academies, 2013 (Report No. Data curation, Hardesty, K. (2012). Training for police officers is mandatory and so following approval from the police force’s training commissioning group, participation in the training intervention was made compulsory for eligible frontline officers reporting to stations that were randomised to the intervention group. The Journal publishes papers on police psychology including personnel assessment, therapeutic methods, training, ethics and effective organizational operation. here. Defining appropriate outcomes for the trial was a challenge. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0184377.t004. This site collects data, reports, and policy proposals for local officials to end violence and hold police accountable. In particular we would like to thank Superintendent Richard Anderson for his support and advice during the project and Mark Richardson, former training manager at NYP, who oversaw the scheduling of the training. Abstract. All officers must also undertake a 2–3 hour online mental health training package as part of their basic training at the start of their career. but lacks de-escalation techniques and cultural competency training. The primary outcome was the number of incidents which resulted in a police response reported to the North Yorkshire Police control room up to six months after delivery of training. Fairfax, VA: Center for Evidence-Based Crime Policy, George Mason University. The adjusted incidence rate ratio (IRR) is presented with a 95% confidence interval (CI) and p value, where an IRR of less than 1 indicates a decrease in the predicted number of recorded incidents that require a police response in stations allocated to the intervention group relative to those allocated to the control group. Officers may update CAD logs with incident information via the force control room or can add further details to the NICHE record, once it has been converted from STORM at the closure of the ‘at-scene’ incident. Protesters are now calling for a focus on divestment over reform, but these studies may still include useful research. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0184377.t003. Place of Safety; PSW, Resource Management Unit; SNC, e0184377. Political interest in how the police record and respond to incidents involving individuals with mental health has increased following a recent report into the police’s use of Section 136 of the Mental Health Act (MHA), which gives officers the power to remove anyone who appears to be suffering from mental health problems from a public place to a place of safety (PoS) (e.g., a hospital, or police custody when there is no health-based PoS (HBPoS) available) [8]. Project administration, Investigation, Applied behavior analysis and sports performance. Alexandria, VA: International Association of Chiefs of Police. Traditionally, law enforcement training has centered around an instructor-led classroom setting. The trial team would like to thank Helen Reed for her advice and support in obtaining trial data and identifying outcome measures. There are relatively few trials that have been conducted within the police setting but our trial has demonstrated that it is feasible to do so. American Journal of Criminal Justice, 36, 357–370. The advantage of defining this as our primary outcome was that it could be measured using routinely collected data, and does not pose an assessment burden for the public or the police. To overcome challenges associated with contamination and sample size, future trials may wish to considerr using a stepped wedge design [20]. Within the NYP force there are 39 police stations operating within six ‘Safer Neighbourhood Command’ areas (SNCs). Writing – original draft, Visualization, No formal statistical comparisons were undertaken[16, 17]. 523–553). Kazdin, A. York Trials Unit, Department of Health Sciences, University of York, York, England, Roles All NYP officers received training on mental health between January and March 2016. Backup Gear: Two is One, One is None – Aaron examines the concept of having a backup of all of your gear: guns, flashlights and more. https://doi.org/10.1108/13639510810852567. The training aimed to enhance officers’ understanding of and ability to: identify mental vulnerability; record relevant information using available systems; respond using appropriate internal and external resources; refer vulnerable people into services to provide longer-term assistance; and review incidents to make sure that risks have been effectively managed. Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, 44(4), 999–1002. The appropriateness of mental health tags applied to a random sample of incidents was checked by an independent mental health professional. (2006). The overall Cohen’s kappa coefficient was 0.65, indicating moderate agreement (Table 5). This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. The adjusted IRR is presented with a 95% CI and p-value, and is interpreted in an analogous way to that described for the primary analysis. Predicting state police officer performance in the field training officer program: What can we learn from the cadet’s performance in the training academy? https://doi.org/10.1080/10511253.2014.882368. In February 2016 the NYP training department assisted the research team in recruiting 12 police stations (the two with the largest number of frontline officers within each SNC). A random sample of 100 incidents (50 from the baseline sample and 50 from follow-up) were reviewed by an independent mental health professional to assess whether or not a mental health tag should have been applied to the incident. Google Scholar provides a simple way to broadly search for scholarly literature. Ergonomics, 60(5), 669–679. An analogous approach was taken for the likelihood of an incident having Section 136 of the MHA applied (either in custody or a HBPoS). The mental health training intervention was therefore delivered to frontline officers by mental health professionals using: lecture style delivery; small group discussion; filmed scenarios; short films with experts that had experience of living with a mental health condition and contact with NYP during a mental health crisis; and talking head videos with 11 mental health services and partner agencies. Writing – review & editing, Roles frequent callers). Funding: This work was supported by The Police Knowledge Fund, funded by: The Home Office, The College of Policing and the Higher Education Funding Council for England. The police may benefit from a review of their recording practices to ensure that the vast amounts of routinely collected data that is being collected can be utilised and is fit for purpose. Methodology, Secondary outcomes included: likelihood of incidents using Section 136 of the Mental Health Act; likelihood of incidents having a mental health tag applied; and number of individuals with a mental health warning marker involved in incidents. Funding acquisition, Results of the post-hoc sensitivity analyses we similar to the original analyses: number of incidents, IRR 0.93, 95% CI 0.56 to 1.45, p = 0.77; mental health tag, OR 1.29, 95% CI 1.06 to 1.58, p = 0.01; Section 136, OR 1.77, 95% CI 0.60 to 5.28, p = 0.30; number of individuals involved with a mental health tag, IRR 1.34, 95% CI 1.08 to 1.66, p = 0.01. Frontline police officers were eligible for trial participation if they were Response or Safer Neighbourhood Officers within the ranks: Police Constable (PC), Sergeant and Inspector. John O’Neill declares that he has no conflict of interest. (1982). (2015). PubMed Google Scholar. https://doi.org/10.1080/00140130903287981. Any particular incident may be attended by multiple police officers, from different police stations. Twelve police stations across North Yorkshire were recruited and randomised into the trial; six to the intervention group and six to the control group (Fig 1). Investigation, Crisis Intervention Team; CoP, Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Justice, Bureau of Justice Statistics. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0184377.t005. Alpharetta: Author. The most commonly reported types of incident were public safety and welfare (PSW) concerns (n = 861, 12.9%). In this paper we report on the findings from a randomised controlled trial (RCT) of the effectiveness of a face-to-face mental health training intervention delivered by mental health practitioners to frontline police officers in addition to routine training, compared to routine training only in reducing demand on police time. Project administration, broad scope, and wide readership – a perfect fit for your research every time. This included: the incident occurrence number and the ‘CAD log’. Police Community Support Officer; PoS, Officer in Case; PC, Conceptualization, Yes Writing – review & editing, Roles Community-oriented policing (COP), which encourages positive, nonenforcement contact between police officers and the public, has been widely promoted as a policy intervention for building public trust and enhancing police legitimacy. William R. Spence declares that he has no conflict of interest. Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, 11(1), 189–196. The police force suggested that the intervention should focus on frontline officers, with the aim of reducing the demand on police resources. Incidence Rate Ratio; IT, Supervision, Alstot, A. E., Kang, M., & Alstot, C. D. (2013). https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0184377.s001, https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0184377.s002, https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0184377.s003, https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0184377.s004. Investigation, Metrics details. Reaves, B. Specialist training in this area for police officers may improve how they respond to individuals with mental health problems; however, evidence to support this is sparse. Abbreviations: No formal power calculation was conducted for this trial. Officers allocated to the control group were not informed of their allocation and did not receive any additional training outside of this mandatory mental health training. 77 Accesses. The police setting is considerably different to other contexts such as health and education and so it is recommended that when conducting research in this area that individuals within key policing roles (e.g. The primary analysis compared the number of incidents with a police response per station between the intervention and control groups using negative binomial regression at the station level adjusting for number of incidents with a response at baseline, and the minimisation factors of number of frontline officers (as a continuous variable), and SNC. Renden, P. G., Savelsbergh, G. J. P., & Oudejans, R. R. D. (2017). In the protocol, the primary outcome was defined at “the person-level, where each person is a member of the public who makes at least one call to the control room which results in a police response (known as a caller).”. Each training day was attended by a median of 9 officers (range 3 to 20). Part of Springer Nature. Project administration, Is the Subject Area "Mental health and psychiatry" applicable to this article? Data were extracted from the Niche and STORM systems using ibase (IMB) by an NYP intelligence analyst. There may therefore have been situations where an officer requested that a mental health tag be applied and this was not carried out. (2001). Informed consent was obtained from all individual participants included in the study. Writing – original draft, In the UK, police forces are required to adhere to the CoP standards for mental health training provision, but have autonomy to decide how training is delivered and so the amount of training received varies across forces [9]. The reasons for selecting the two largest stations within each of the six SNCs were twofold. The assigned “Officer in Case” (‘OIC’–the lead officer in the incident) was indicated for each incident where available. However, the leap between the intervention and outcome is a somewhat large one and any beneficial effect could be diluted and/or take a while to observe. There are few high quality evaluations investigating the effectiveness of specialised mental health training programmes targeted at the police [10] that we can compare our findings to. Each incident was assigned to a trial station based on the station that the OIC reported to. Using video feedback to improve martial arts performance. Police brutality articles: Law enforcement perspective Article #1: Being A Cop Showed Me Just How Racist and Violent The Police Are. Project administration, However, the report also identified gaps in knowledge and variations in the amount of training police officers had received around Section 136 of the MHA [8]. Conceptualization, Police use of nonfatal force, 2002–11. Writing – review & editing, Roles Writing – review & editing. Where a mental health tag was applied to an incident, the blinded, independent reviewer also “applied” a mental health tag in all but one case. The review of 100 incidents suggests that there may be incidents involving individuals with mental health issues that are not being recorded as such (Kappa coefficient 0.65). Due to these restrictions, we are unable to upload a data set to a publicly accessible repository. Effects of reflex-based self-defence training on police performance in simulated high-pressure arrest situations. There was no evidence of a difference in the number of incidents with a police response between the intervention and control groups following the intervention (adjusted IRR 0.92, 95% CI 0.61 to 1.38, p = 0.69). At follow-up, a median of 397 incidents were assigned to trial stations in the intervention group, and 498 in the control group. Dartfish prosuite ( version 6.0 ) [ Computer software ] made to NYP automatically... 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