Joseph C. Ives, who surveyed the lower river in 1861, wrote that "the shifting of the channel, the banks, the islands, the bars is so continual and rapid that a detailed description, derived from the experiences of one trip, would be found incorrect, not only during the subsequent year, but perhaps in the course of a week, or even a day. Major man-made reservoirs on the river include Lake Buchanan, Inks Lake, Lake LBJ, Lake Marble Falls, Lake Travis, Lake Austin, and Lady Bird Lake in Austin. [3] Its flow regime was not at all steady – indeed, "prior to the construction of federal dams and reservoirs, the Colorado was a river of extremes like no other in the United States. In November 2012, the U.S. and Mexico reached an agreement, known as Minute 319, permitting Mexico storage of its water allotment in U.S. reservoirs during wet years, thus increasing the efficiency with which the water can be used. Near Tucson, Arizona, "where now there is only powder-dry desert, the grass once reached as high as the head of a man on horse back". [186] On July 25, the name change was made official in House Joint Resolution 460 of the 66th Congress, over the objections of representatives from Wyoming, Utah, and the USGS, which noted that the Green River was much longer and had a larger drainage basin above its confluence with the Grand River, although the Grand contributed a greater flow of water. Our flowing waters! [114] An extensive system of irrigation canals was constructed on the Gila and Salt rivers, with various estimates of a total length ranging from 180 to 300 miles (290 to 480 km) and capable of irrigating 25,000 to 250,000 acres (10,000 to 101,000 ha). [131][132][133], The Mohave were expelled from their territory after a series of minor skirmishes and raids on wagon trains passing through the area in the late 1850s, culminating in an 1859 battle with American forces that concluded the Mohave War. Salinity is one of the major issues and also leads to the corrosion of pipelines in agricultural and urban areas. As it flows southwest, it gains strength from many small tributaries, as well as larger ones including the Blue, Eagle and Roaring Fork rivers. [278][279], The Colorado River and its tributaries often nourish extensive corridors of riparian growth as they traverse the arid desert regions of the watershed. A. HUMPHREYS, CAPTAIN TOPOGRAPHICAL ENGINEERS, IN CHARGE. Such low runoff, coupled with continuing demand for water from cities, farmers, and ranchers, may stretch the Colorado River system beyond its breaking point. [29] The river widens here to a broad, moderately deep waterway averaging 500 to 1,000 feet (150 to 300 m) wide and reaching up to 0.25 miles (400 m) across, with depths ranging from 8 to 60 feet (2 to 20 m). [169][170] Steamboats quickly became the principal source of communication and trade along the river until competition from railroads began in the 1870s, and finally the construction of dams along the lower river in 1909, none of which had locks to allow the passage of ships.[171]. In autumn, the river would drop below the level of the canal inlet, and temporary brush diversion dams had to be constructed. What falls there are, we know not; what rocks beset the channel, we know not; what walls rise over the river, we know not; Ah, well! [286] Bonytail chub, razorback sucker, Colorado pikeminnow, and humpback chub are among those considered the most at risk; all are unique to the Colorado River system and well adapted to the river's natural silty conditions and flow variations. With more than 500 miles of the Colorado River either running through the state or forming its border, the Colorado River is a major part of Arizona. 37, Report of the Secretary of War, showing the contracts made under the authority of the War Department during the year 1853. [64] Irrigation, industrial, and municipal diversions, evaporation from reservoirs, natural runoff, and likely climate change, have all contributed to this substantial reduction in flow, threatening the water supply for the future. [198] Because roughly 75 percent of Colorado's precipitation falls west of the Rocky Mountains while 80 percent of the population lives east of the range, more of these interbasin water transfers, locally known as transmountain diversions, followed. There was also the concern that drought could impair the upper basin's ability to deliver the required 7.5 million acre feet (9.3×109 m3) past Lee's Ferry per year as stipulated by the compact. One reason Lee chose to run the ferry was to flee from Mormon leaders who held him responsible for the Mountain Meadows massacre, in which 120 emigrants in a wagon train were killed by a local militia disguised as Native Americans. These settlements reached a peak population of about 600 before being abandoned in 1871, and for nearly a decade these valleys became a haven for outlaws and cattle rustlers. [80] The tables at right list data associated with eight of these gauges. [301], Exploration and navigation below Fort Yuma, 1850–1854, Exploration and navigation above Fort Yuma, 1851–1887, Naming of the upper Colorado River and controversy, Before large irrigation and municipal diversions, the Gila River discharged about 1.3 million acre feet (1.6, American population (9.7 million) calculated from statistics from the U.S. Census Bureau, The average discharge of the Colorado (Grand) River at, The discrepancy between the natural flow at Lee's Ferry (13.5 million acre-feet/16.65 km, Dead pool refers to the lowest lake level at which water can be released through the dam. [130], The gradual influx of European and American explorers, fortune seekers and settlers into the region eventually led to conflicts that forced many Native Americans off their traditional lands. Just south of the line is the La Poudre Pass Lake and the wet meadow from which the C… From snow-capped mountains to vibrant cities to the lush countryside, you will always find something new and exciting in the Centennial State. [40] The Gila River is the second longest and drains a greater area than the Green,[41] but has a significantly lower flow because of a more arid climate and larger diversions for irrigation and cities. [25] The 277 miles (446 km) of the river that flow through the Grand Canyon are largely encompassed by Grand Canyon National Park and are known for their difficult whitewater, separated by pools that reach up to 110 feet (34 m) in depth.[26]. [140] The Navajo continue to seek expansion of their water rights because of difficulties with the water supply on their reservation; about 40 percent of its inhabitants must haul water by truck many miles to their homes. To the east of the line, all watersheds empty into the Atlantic Ocean, the Caribbean Sea, or the Gulf of Mexico. [76], The drainage basin or watershed of the Colorado River encompasses 246,000 square miles (640,000 km2) of southwestern North America, making it the seventh largest on the continent. A young member of the Cocopah Indians of northern Mexico plays in a dried-up arm of the Colorado River near the town of El Mayor, Mexico. The lighting of the boats has this advantage: they will ride the waves better, and we shall have little to carry when we make a portage. Kino's 1701 map, "Paso por Tierra a la California," is the first known map to label the river as the Colorado. [261][262], The most severe drought on record began in the early 21st century, in which the river basin produced normal or above-average runoff in only four years between 2000 and 2012. Before the Gulf of California was formed around 12 to 5 million years ago by faulting processes along the boundary of the North American and Pacific plates,[96] the Colorado flowed west to an outlet on the Pacific Ocean—possibly Monterey Bay on the Central California coast, and may have played a role in the formation of the Monterey submarine canyon. In some western river basins, over 50 percent of the water goes to cattle feed, fodder for cows that end up as burgers in major U.S. cities. This is a list of cities and attractions along the length of the river, from the source to the mouth. [243] In 2011, the seven U.S. states agreed upon a "Plan of Implementation", which aims to reduce salinity by 644,000 short tons (584,000 t) per year by 2030. [146], During the 18th and early 19th centuries, many Americans and Spanish believed in the existence of the Buenaventura River, purported to run from the Rocky Mountains in Utah or Colorado to the Pacific Ocean. Thomas. Southwest of there, the northern divide of the Colorado watershed skirts the edge of the Great Basin, bordering on the closed drainage basins of the Great Salt Lake and the Sevier River in central Utah, and other closed basins in southern Utah and Nevada. Under pressure from climate change, they might be finding a path out. [106] Another notable early group was the Fremont culture, whose peoples inhabited the Colorado Plateau from 2,000 to 700 years ago. The environmental movement in the American Southwest has opposed the damming and diversion of the Colorado River system because of detrimental effects on the ecology and natural beauty of the river and its tributaries. [287] A further 40 species that occur in the river today, notably the brown trout, were introduced during the 19th and 20th centuries, mainly for sport fishing. Democrats are strongest in metropolitan Denver, the college towns of Fort Collins and Boulder, southern Colorado (including Pueblo), and a number of western ski resort counties. Failure of the lava dams caused by erosion, leaks and cavitation caused catastrophic floods, which may have been some of the largest ever to occur in North America, rivaling the late-Pleistocene Missoula Floods of the northwestern United States. [84][85], Climate varies widely across the watershed. [269], In late 2010, Lake Mead dropped to just 8 feet (2.4 m) above the first "drought trigger" elevation, a level at which Arizona and Nevada would have to begin rationing water as delineated by the Colorado River Compact. It was assembled and launched in the estuary, 30 miles above the mouth of the Colorado River. [250], In the 21st century, there has been renewed interest in restoring a limited water flow to the delta. [102] The lack of associated sediment deposits along this stretch of the Colorado River, which would have accumulated in the impounded lakes over time, suggests that most of these dams did not survive for more than a few decades before collapsing or being washed away. In 1852, the Uncle Sam was launched to provide supplies to the U.S. Army outpost at Fort Yuma. They ride high and buoyant, for their loads are lighter than we could desire. [265] The watershed is experiencing a warming trend, which is accompanied by earlier snowmelt and a general reduction in precipitation. [13][14] In a few areas, such as the marshy Kawuneeche Valley near the headwaters[15] and the Grand Valley, it exhibits braided characteristics. [39], The Colorado is joined by over 25 significant tributaries, of which the Green River is the largest by both length and discharge. Quick Facts", "United States Geological Survey Topographic Maps: Blythe NE, California quad", "Fighting For Water in Arid Imperial Valley", "Border Water Source of Conflict and Cooperation: What Makes Management of Border Water Resources a Challenge? [30][31] Before channelization of the Colorado in the 20th century, the lower river was subject to frequent course changes caused by seasonal flow variations. [150], The next contractors George Alonzo Johnson with his partner Benjamin M. Hartshorne, brought two barges and 250 tons of supplies arriving at the river's mouth in February 1852, on the United States transport schooner Sierra Nevada under Captain Wilcox. In 1900, entrepreneurs of the California Development Company (CDC) looked to the Imperial Valley of southern California as an excellent location to develop agriculture irrigated by the waters of the river. Engineering projects and river regulation have led to the extinction of four species and severe declines in the populations of 40 species. Missionaries sought to convert indigenous peoples to Christianity – an effort sometimes successful, such as in Father Eusebio Francisco Kino's 1694 encounter with the "docile Pimas of the Gila Valley [who] readily accepted Kino and his Christian teachings". In addition to renovating irrigation canals in the Mexicali Valley to reduce leakage, this will make about 45,000 acre feet (56,000,000 m3) per year available for release to the delta on average. In that year Captain Robert T. Rogers, commanding the steamer Esmeralda with a barge and ninety tons of freight, reached Callville, Nevada, on October 8, 1866. Fathers Dominguez and Escalante named it Rio San Rafael in 1776. Houseboating and water-skiing are popular activities on Lakes Mead, Powell, Havasu, and Mojave, as well as Flaming Gorge Reservoir in Utah and Wyoming, and Navajo Reservoir in New Mexico and Colorado. Agricultural and urban growth in Arizona eventually outstripped the capacity of local rivers; these concerns were reflected in the creation of a Pacific Southwest Water Plan in the 1950s, which aimed to build a project that would permit Arizona to fully utilize its 2.8-million-acre-foot (3.5 km3) allotment of the river. [117] A variety of methods were employed to combat these problems, including the construction of large dams, but when a megadrought hit the region in the 14th century A.D. the ancient civilizations of the Colorado River basin abruptly collapsed. Pages in category "Arizona populated places on the Colorado River" The following 9 pages are in this category, out of 9 total. The Colorado River is a very large river located in the southwestern United States and northwestern Mexico.The states it runs through include Colorado, Utah, Arizona, Nevada, California, Baja California and Sonora. Las Vegas is one of the most progressive water users, McBride says. In 2018 a second and lower tunnel was completed to continue furnishing water to Las Vegas. [242] In 2013, the Bureau of Reclamation estimated that around $32 million was spent each year to prevent around 1.2 million tons of salt from entering and damaging the Colorado River. Taylor saw the fact that the Colorado River started outside the border of his state as an "abomination". [7][8] Its large flow and steep gradient are used for generating hydroelectric power, and its major dams regulate peaking power demands in much of the Intermountain West. [168] The tidal bore of the lower Colorado also presented a major hazard; in 1922, a 15-foot (4.6 m)-high wave swamped a ship bound for Yuma, killing between 86 and 130 people. ", "Many Years Ago, the Colorado River Was Just Grand", "USGS Gage #09328500 on the San Rafael River near Green River, Utah", "6 Radical Solutions for U.S. Southwest's Peak Water Problem", "Salazar Awards $20.1 Million to Four Western Colorado Irrigation Districts to Improve Irrigation Systems, Reduce Salinity in Colorado River", "The Beginning and the End of the Colorado River: Protecting the Sources, Ensuring its Courses", "Appendix I: The Past, Present and Future of Transmountain Diversion Projects", "When The Imperial Valley Fought For Its Life", "Utilization of Waters of the Colorado and Tijuana Rivers and of the Rio Grande: Treaty Between the United States of America and Mexico", "The Colorado River and Hoover Dam: Facts and Figures", "All-American Canal, California–Mexico border", "Reclamation Helps Celebrate Theodore Roosevelt Dam's 100th Year", "The Colorado River: A Regional Solution", "History of Geologic Investigations, Engineering Design, and Construction Methods of the Harold D. Roberts Tunnel, Colorado", "Colorado River System Consumptive Uses and Losses Report 1996–2000", "Landmark Cooperation Brings the Colorado River Home", "The Colorado River Salinity Problem: Direct Economic Damages in Mexico", "Colorado River Basin Salinity Control Project", "Technical Report: Pesticides in the Lower Colorado River", "Pesticides in Surface Waters of the Upper Colorado River Basin, Colorado, 1996–98", 10.1643/0045-8511(2000)000[0402:teohrd]2.0.co;2, "Colorado River Agreement to Help Restore Vanished Wetlands in Mexico", "Minute 319: Building on the Past to Provide for the Future", "Huge water pulse to bring Colorado river back from dead", "Colorado river reaches sea for first time in decades", "Upper Colorado River Basin Consumptive Uses and Losses Report 2006-2010", "Sharing Colorado River Water: History, Public Policy and the Colorado River Compact", "Persistent Drought in the Colorado River Basin", "Paleoenvironmental Archives as a source of Climate Information for Natural Resource Management: An Example from Tree Rings and Colorado Water Management", "Annual Operating Plan for Colorado River Reservoirs – 2012", "Current Status and Trends of Lake Powell and Glen Canyon Dam Release Water Quality", "The Colorado River's Uncertain Future: How Climate Change May Affect Future Planning Decisions on the Colorado River", "Lakes Mead and Powell Could Run Dry by 2021", "Lake Mead Sinks to a New Historic Low: If Lake Falls 8 More Feet, Thirsty Ariz. Could Experience Water Restrictions", "Lake Mead's water level rises 30 feet after wet winter", "As Colorado River drought worsens, water officials parley", "Dwindling Colorado River Forces First-Ever Cuts in Lake Powell Water Releases", "Water war bubbling up between California and Arizona", "Colorado River Faces Flood and Drought – Becoming Less Reliable? Since then several enormous dams and reservoirs, pipelines and aqueducts have been built along the Colorado’s length. Gregory, Herbert E., William Culp Darrah, and Charles Kelly, editors. Through the mid-1800s, the river between Green River and the Gunnison River was most commonly known as the Grand River. The river provides drinking water to over 36 million people; municipalities, agriculture, and recreation are supported by and dependent on the river and its tributaries. Colorado borders Wyoming and Nebraska in the north, Kansas in the east, Oklahoma and New Mexico in the south, and Utah in the west. Antecedence played a major part in shaping other peculiar geographic features in the watershed, including the Dolores River's bisection of Paradox Valley in Colorado and the Green River's cut through the Uinta Mountains in Utah. Kerig, Dorothy P. "Yankee Enclave: The Colorado River Land Company and Mexican Agrarian Reform in Baja California, 1902-1944." From 1879 to 1882 the Southwestern Mining Company, largest in El Dorado Canyon, brought in a 56-foot sloop the Sou'Wester that sailed up and down river carrying the salt in the low water time of year until it was wrecked in the Quick and Dirty Rapids of Black Canyon. It seems intended by nature that the Colorado River, along the greater portion of its lonely and majestic way, shall be forever unvisited and undisturbed. The second was finally, after a long struggle poled up to Fort Yuma, but what little it carried was soon consumed by the garrison. 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