Ammonia-coal co-firing has also already been demonstrated, first by Chugoku Electric in July 2017 at its 156-MW Mizushima Thermal Power Station Unit 2 with a fuel mix … Three years later, a variety of industry players all came to the same conclusion: adding high-efficiency generating capacity fueled by coal would produce electricity at a higher cost than that produced from natural gas. Ammonia production costs by geographical region Source: Potashcorp (2013). Ammonia is the main product of the fertilizer industry. The Japanese engineering company JGC shared relevant facts and figures at the 2018 NH3 Energy Topical Conference in a presentation entitled “Cost Evaluation Study on Low Carbon Ammonia and Coal Co-Fired Power Generation.”  According to JGC, the current levelized cost of electricity from coal-fired generation in Japan is approximately JPY ¥6.5 (USD $0.054 at the then-prevailing exchange rate) per kWh, while the levelized cost of coal-generated electricity with domestic CCS is projected at JPY ¥20.2 (USD $0.167). Summary 2 - Objective of Ammonia Introduction as Fuel - Our Definition of Low Carbon Ammonia in This Study - Cost Estimation of Ammonia Production and Supply to Japan - Cost Estimation of Power Generation by NH3-Coal Co-Firing and NH 3 Firing - Gas Price as Feedstock and Utility in Ammonia Production For an industry that is currently working toward implementation of hard, at-scale assets that will demonstrate the technical ability to produce green ammonia (the green ammonia initiative at Yara’s Pilbara plant in Australia is a prominent example), a demand signal of this nature could be the starting gun that launches ammonia into the energy transition. Strong regulation favouring green ammonia is needed now to drive the necessary technical developments – regulation and technology must evolve in parallel. Ammonia—a renewable fuel made from sun, air, and water—could power the globe without carbon. The pro rata Japanese share of the notional 670 million tonnes of ammonia demand would be approximately 35 million tonnes. Alongside this, ammonia as storage for renewable electricity and a carrier for hydrogen needs to be developed to scale, and its viability when compared to other storage options – such as cryogenic or pressurized hydrogen or organic hydrogen compounds like Methylcyclohexane (MCH)– needs to be determined. The remaining 10 percent is produced in medium-scale plants. An innovative two-stage steam reforming method is proposed for coal gasification using the nuclear heat source: and it can significantly improve the heat utilization efficiency of the secondary helium gas from HTGR. Replacing 20% of coal used by the country’s plants will need ammonia imports to reach 20 million tons a year from as soon as 2030 compared to about 200,000 tons now, according to Jera Co. By 2050, the company intends to run the plants entirely on the gas, a potential further jolt for global demand. Aspen plus software was employed to simulate the opposed multi-burner gasifier (OMB) methanol production process. . The Future of Hydrogen, International Energy Agency, June 2019, (More detail on the Japanese efforts can be found in Ammonia Energy stories from April 12, 2018 and September 28, 2017.). The Production Of Ammonia From Coal. Ammonia (NH3) is a by-product produced during the production of coke from coking coal in the by-product coke ovens. Plausible stages of evolution toward substantial decarbonization have been mapped. Most ammonia today is produced from natural gas. The Future of Hydrogen, International Energy Agency, June 2019. The U.S. Department of Energy's Office of Scientific and Technical Information A reformer turns the feedstocks into a mixture of gases called synthesis gas (syngas), which includes hydrogen. 12, 2018 , 2:00 PM. By Robert F. Service Jul. Another challenge is that the production of green hydrogen through electrolysis powered by renewable electricity is not yet of a scale to be viable compared with conventional fossil feedstock and therefore so is the production of green ammonia. Regulatory Context Copyright © 2019 Ammonia Energy Association. China produced 31.9% of the worldwide production, followed by Russia with 8.7%, India with 7.5%, and the United States with 7.1%. Ammonia is the main product of the fertilizer industry. The energy intensity of these medium-scale coal-based plants is about 55 GJ/t NH 3, while small-scale coal-based plants consume about 53 GJ/t NH 3. Economic Context Ammonia production in India is often curtailed (shut down), and the electricity market is regularly roiled by black-outs, both caused by shortages of natural gas among other issues. Higher blending shares of up to 20% ammonia in energy terms might be feasible with only minor adjustments to a coal power plant. If the plan unfolds as projected, commercialization would occur sometime before 2025. Co-firing with a 20% share of ammonia could reduce the 6 GtCO2/yr annual emissions of these coal plants by 1.2 GtCO2, provided that the ammonia was produced from Ammonia also produces nitrogen oxides (NOx) at a time when the likes of the International Maritime Organization are putting tight restrictions on such pollutants. Blue water gas (BWG) burns with a non-luminous flame which makes it unsuitable for lighting purposes. Director, PEP . Mainland China experienced a sharp increase in coal prices and faced steeper competition in its urea export market resulting in a drastic decline in ammonia production from 2016 to 2018. This needs to change. Proponent: Australian Future Energy Pty Ltd: Location/s: 15 km north west of Gladstone, in the Gladstone State Development Area. 1650sTPD (China) Coal to Ammonia / Urea 900sTPD (China) Coal to Ammonia / Urea TVA RAG/RCH SAR Cool Water UBE Lunan Shanghai Weihe Huainan Eastman TECO/Polk Experience with Coal. Premise of Study 3. india is the second largest ammonia producer. Electricity produced by burning imported green ammonia in a gas turbine is projected to have a lower cost position than either of the other two options: JPY ¥18.6 (USD $0.154). Industrial ammonia production emits more CO 2 than any other chemical-making reaction. By commercialising this renewable production of ammonia, the first sector to benefit from the resulting decarbonisation would be the fertiliser industry itself – and with it the food production supply chain. CCS will ensure that the majority of carbon dioxide is syphoned off before it hits the atmosphere and is subsequently either stored or used as a feedstock for synthetic fuels and chemicals. In this way, demand can be boosted and met with adequate supplies until renewable methods are mature – and economically viable – enough to take over. The supply side, however, could have near-term global relevance. In 2008, out of global ammonia production of 146 million tonnes/year, 27% used coal as the feedstock; 97% of China's ammonia production used coal in that year, a trend which is expected to continue and increase. Jera, a joint venture between Tokyo Electric Power Co. and Chubu Electric Power Co., plans to convert all of its coal power plants to run on 100% ammonia by 2050 under a … This paper introduces a novel pathway of using coal mine drainage gas, regardless of its methane concentration, as a chemical feedstock for ammonia syngas production without CO2 emissions. Steam reforming is generally employed for the production of In contrast, ammonia, with the hydrogen and ammonia manufactured from renewable energy would reduce global emissions by more than a factor of 10 compared to coal … Ammonia is present in coking wastewater streams, as a liquid by-product of the production of coke from coal. Fig. And as with hydrogen, the ammonia supply chain and infrastructure need to be developed beyond that which the fertiliser industry already has in place, putting it within easy reach of potential future users. The story goes on to explain that the economic and risk profiles of coal-fired generation in Japan have shifted seismically since 2015 when many of the now-canceled plans were originally conceived. A third part describes the conversion of synthesis gas to ammonia. (methanation), methanol and ammonia production. A survey of coal-fired power plants that control NO x emissions using either SCR or SNCR found anhydrous ammonia use exceeds aqueous ammonia use by a ratio of 3 to 1. The production method uses no natural gas, oil, or coal like conventional and very energy-demanding ammonia production, which means that there is … Both as a fuel in its own right and as a carrier medium for hydrogen, ammonia makes an effective candidate for use in the shipping industry. High-pressure gasification makes use of refinery residue, heavy oils and coal with oxygen for the production of ammonia. Alongside renewables, carbon capture and hydrogen and many others, one candidate has so far been hiding in plain sight: ammonia. The Yara Pilbara Renewable Ammonia Feasibility Study is for a demonstration-scale renewable hydrogen and renewable ammonia production and export facility on the Burrup Peninsula, Western Australia. Ammonia can also act as a storage medium for hydrogen, enabling it to be transported over longer distances more easily. SUMMARY The production of ammonia or methanol from coal starts with the gasification of coal Most older gasification processes operated at around atmospheric pressure, while modern developments use higher pressures. It would have produced ammonia as a byproduct of its coal-to-syngas process. In smaller furnaces with a capacity of 10 MW thermal, blending shares of 20% ammonia have been achieved without problems, and in particular without any slippage of ammonia into exhaust gas. Therefore, with green ammonia production, renewable energy can be stored and reused for power generation at consumption points. In Japan, it is already considered the most viable carrier for hydrogen. It can provide sufficient energy for long-haul voyages – though it’s worth bearing in mind that it still has a higher volume than the heavy fuel oil (HFO) currently used, affecting its storage footprint on a ship. What are the prospects of Japan starting down this path of demand creation in earnest? operate SCR systems indicated that about 80 percent use ammonia (anhydrous and aqueous), and the remainder use urea [4]. The strands are woven together in a story published on February 5, 2019 in the Nikkei Business Daily. Syngas Production for Ammonia from Coal . Figure 5. Co-firing ammonia in a coal-fueled boiler, a concept under active development in Japan, received positive notice in the International Energy Agency’s recently published report, The Future of Hydrogen. coal-based processes are used in small-scale and medium sized plants. An alternative path might involve co-firing coal with green ammonia (without any domestic CCS) for some proportion of the useful life remaining for some proportion of Japan’s fleet of coal-fired generating stations, with electric-sector capacity replacements and additions taking the form of ammonia-fired gas turbines. In this context, the ammonia-coal co-firing concept may be the key to the future. Producing Fertilizer, Ultra-Clean Fuels & Electricity From Coal Deploy gasification to save and create jobs while increasing energy and food security through the production of ammonia and FT liquids using Illinois coal as the plant feedstock. Coal-based ammonia production in China takes place primarily in small-scale plants (90%). While initiatives are underway to develop renewables-powered ammonia production, other approaches may be needed to bridge the gap until the technology matures. Rajiv Narang . Process Economics Program Review 2017-04 . Steam coal is primarily used in power generation, while coking coal is used mainly in steel production. Summary 2 - Objective of Ammonia Introduction as Fuel - Our Definition of Low Carbon Ammonia in This Study - Cost Estimation of Ammonia Production and Supply to Japan - Cost Estimation of Power Generation by NH3-Coal Co-Firing and NH 3 Firing - Gas Price as Feedstock and Utility in Ammonia Production The low-carbon approach combines traditional ammonia synthesis using natural gas with carbon capture and storage (CCS). The obvious question raised by this circumstance is, if both processes yield low-carbon electricity, but the one with ammonia costs more, why bother with ammonia? But reporting in the Japanese press over the last several months reveals that another dynamic may be at play. Producing ammonia and fertilizers: new opportunities from renewables Thanks to the recent cost reductions of solar and wind technologies, ammonia production in large-scale plants based on electrolysis of water can compete with ammonia production based on natural gas, in areas with world-best combined solar and wind resources. Approximately two thirds of ammonia produced worldwide uses natural gas as a feedstock followed by coal at less than 30% in 2007, with China accounting for 97% of coal based production (Bharthwaj et al., 2012). In 2008, out of global ammonia production of 146 million tonnes/year, 27% used coal as the feedstock; 97% of China's ammonia production used coal in that year, a trend which is expected to continue and increase. Under JGC’s scenario, the ammonia for co-firing is produced in the United Arab Emirates in conjunction with full capture of CO2 from both “fuel” and “feedstock” phases of production. It is based on a … The Production Of Ammonia From Coal. Ammonia—a renewable fuel made from sun, air, and water—could power the globe without carbon. The five largest users of coal are China, India, the United States, Japan and Russia. [98] In some cases, the ammonia is discharged to the marine environment where it acts as a pollutant. Ammonia and urea production: Incidents of ammonia release from the Profertil urea and ammonia facility, Bahia Blanca, Argentina 2000. Ammonia (NH3) is a by-product produced during the production of coke from coking coal in the by-product coke ovens. But while hydrogen’s popularity as a clean fuel essential for reaching net-zero emissions is growing across Europe, ammonia is still thought of as little more than a key chemical for fertiliser. Hydrogen rich reformer off-gases from oil refineries have also been used as a source of hydrogen. In the fullness of time, the demand side of the concept may take root in other countries. A full list of members can be found in the Member Directory. February 2017 ihs.com . The energy use and cost for both hydrogen and ammonia fuels was then compared for fuel storage and transportation. Results and Discussion 4. india is the second largest ammonia producer. However, production increased in 2019 in the Middle East and the United States, with only a minor loss in total global production. Coal gasification in IGCC plants holds the potential for easy capture of CO 2 from the syngas and for CO 2 storage in geological formations (CCS). Both hydrogen and ammonia will be required if Europe is to successfully decarbonise heavy industry and transport. Figure 5. Anhydrous ammonia is used as fertilizer for farming and as a feedstock for producing various chemicals. Results and Discussion 4. These just need to be popularized outside of sectors that already use ammonia and its derivatives. Here is more from the IEA: By 2030 around 1 250 GW of coal power plants worldwide that are currently in operation or under construction could not only still be in service, but could also still have a remaining lifetime of at least 20 years. Annual production of ammonia It is being increasingly made in countries which have low cost sources of natural gas and coal (China and Russia account for ca 40%) production from coal machinery mcmain. All Rights Reserved. Coal-based ammonia production in China takes place primarily in small-scale plants (90%). High plant production: High algal or plant production can decrease ammonia by assimilation, increase ammonia by nitrogen fixation, or increase pH toxicity by CO 2 uptake, resulting in a shift to more unionized ammonia. Our best chances lie in fast-tracking a mix of no- or low-carbon technologies and fuels. global ammonia production was 125 million tonnes in 2008 with china being the world's largest ammonia producer (ifa, 2010). The review specifically addresses the manufacture of synthesis gas for ammonia production, based on two reputed gasification technologies—GE Energy quench and Shell Coal Gasification Process (SCGP) technologies. About 77% of ammonia production is based on steam reforming of natural gas, with most of the remaining production based on heavy-oil or coal-based processes. No analysis I’ve yet seen has incorporated these closures / newbuilds into an updated estimation of emissions from Chinese ammonia production. This part includes discussion of the design of ammonia synthesis converters. A research developed a model GHG prediction for various ammonia production methods for life cycle assessment (LCA) analysis based on the cradle‐to‐gate method, starting from the various raw materials used until the formation of urea products. Today, ammonia synthesis starts with generating hydrogen gas from fossil-fuel feedstocks. Developing countries account for the majority of worldwide production. Background 2. Ammonia has been tagged for a significant role in the end state. It contained ammonia and coal tar and was processed to recover these valuable compounds. The energy efficiency of ammonia production depends on the feedstock type that is being used and the plant production scale (IEA, 2007 p.84). in china, about 70% of ammonia is derived from coal, 10% from oil products and 20% from natural gas. The answer is shown in the third cost bar on the relevant presentation slide. Downloaded 28 February 2017 09:26 AM UTC by Ellen Blue, IHS INC (Ellen.Blue@ihsmarkit.com) Contents 1. Co-firing with a 20% share of ammonia could reduce the 6 GtCO2/yr annual emissions of these coal plants by 1.2 GtCO2, provided that the ammonia was produced from low-carbon hydrogen. In the battle to reach net-zero by 2050, one thing has become clear: there is no single solution to get us there. Top of Page. So far serious scrutiny of the co-firing concept is limited to Japan. Developing countries account for the majority of worldwide production. Adding to the risk quotient, according to the story, is the emerging sense that coal is a pariah fuel, no longer appropriate for use in a progressive economy. COAL GASIFICATION - ROUTES TO AMMONIA AND METHANOL 1. Feedstock comparison in ammonia production Natural Gas Heavy Oil Coal Energy Consumption 1 1.3 1.7 Investment Cost 1 1.4 2.4 Production Cost 1 1.2 1.7 Source: EFMA (2000). To keep coal-fired power plants running in an era of lower emissions, Japan’s top electricity producer aims to dilute the fossil fuel with ammonia. But it can also be synthesized by combining nitrogen with hydrogen produced carbon-free using renewable electricity. gas, coal, nuclear, ocean thermal energy conversion (OTEC), wind, solar, and biomass. The electrochemical Haber-Bosch process produces ammonia without any greenhouse emissions. It is a constituent of the coke oven gas (COG) leaving the coke ovens, with a typical concentration in raw COG of 6 grams per normal cubic meters (g/N cum). Challenges ahead If ammonia is such a fantastic fuel for the energy transition, then why isn’t it talked about in the same glowing terms as hydrogen? Another challenge is that the production of green hydrogen through electrolysis powered by renewable electricity is not yet of a scale to be viable compared with conventional fossil feedstock and therefore so is the production of green ammonia. Expanding renewable production of ammonia overall and reducing the associated costs – in conjunction with hydrogen – will be critical to achieving this and closing the competitiveness gap with fossil fuels. The distributions of ammonia concentration in streams were obtained. Natural gas-based production predominates outside of China as it is typically the most economic route. A well-informed observer in Japan recently told Ammonia Energy that the Japanese “electric utility industry is very much interested in [the co-firing] application of ammonia.”  Why would this be the case? (The figures are from the Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry. But it also appears that the practical steps that will lead from the status quo to the end state remain works in progress, with much more work to be done than progress so far completed. However, in regions lacking inexpensive natural gas, such as China, coal gasification is a very important route for ammonia synthesis for production of fertilizers. global ammonia production was 125 million tonnes in 2008 with china being the world's largest ammonia producer (ifa, 2010). Ammonia’s promise Ammonia could help with decarbonisation in multiple ways. Site Evidence that Suggests Listing Ammonia as a Candidate Cause. Part 3 We found, however, that the cyanide when exposed to the atmosphere at a temperature above 300° C. is readily destroyed under reformation of carbonate of barium, so that it is absolutely necessary to cool it down to this temperature before exposing it to the atmosphere, a fact of great importance that had hitherto been overlooked. However, there are existing procedures, like scrubbers, to deal with this. So why isn’t it grabbing the headlines in the same way? From now on, it will be necessary to make decisions on new construction and rebuilding of coal with great risk.”  And indeed, the story continues, “in Japan, financial institutions have begun to discontinue investment in coal-fired power plants in principle, with a focus on institutional investors’ ESG [environment, social, corporate governance] investment.”. LAC™ Process . ‘History in the making’: how PLN is enabling Indonesia’s energy transition. In addition, plant can be fed with gassi˜ed coal. There are numerous large-scale ammonia production plants worldwide, producing a total of 144 million tonnes of nitrogen (equivalent to 175 million tonnes of ammonia) in 2016. This will make renewable energy generation more efficient and usable for the long-term. This is because as policymakers stimulate demand for ammonia, sufficient supplies are needed to meet this demand while renewable production ramps up. Mainland China experienced a sharp increase in coal prices and faced steeper competition in its urea export market resulting in a drastic decline in ammonia production from 2016 to 2018. It is typically produced by catalytic steam reforming from fossil fuels, generating around 1% of global CO2 emissions. PEP Review 2017-04 . Jera, a joint venture between Tokyo Electric Power Co. and Chubu Electric Power Co., plans to convert all of its coal power plants to run on 100% ammonia by 2050 under a bid to become carbon neutral by that year. in china, about 70% of ammonia is derived from coal, 10% from oil products and 20% from natural gas. Ammonia - Wikipedia. About 77% of ammonia production is based on steam reforming of natural gas, with most of the remaining production based on heavy-oil or coal-based processes. The story implies that they are estimates for the levelized cost of electricity from newly constructed capacity.). For power generation, the main global warming potential in natural gas power plants is based on the combustion process (i.e. One concern is that ammonia is toxic and flammable. Syngas Production for Ammonia from Coal . Are stars finally aligning for CCS in Europe? This cost difference raises one of the most daunting issues of the global energy transition: how much political will will be required to lead a national population through a major increase in the cost of a staple energy commodity, and how can such political will be mustered? China produces more ammonia than any other country, and produces the majority of its ammonia from coal (Figure 9). When the resulting ammonia is imported and applied at a 20% co-firing rate, the electricity cost rises to JPY ¥21.7 (USD $0.180) per kWh. Development of Technologies to Utilize Green Ammonia in Energy Market, Cost Evaluation Study on Low Carbon Ammonia and Coal Co-Fired Power Generation. July 23, 2020 by Siddhant Dongre Green ammonia uses renewable energy instead of natural gas or coal for producing hydrogen; hence, is an effective way to reduce greenhouse emissions. Nitrogen fertilizers manufactured using wind power were developed; wind‐based ammonia production can significantly decrease fossil energy input and GHG compared to the conventional production. A coal gasification plant designed to convert coal into ammonia, synthetic natural gas, and electrical power. To be clear, we are talking about 35 million tonnes of annual demand for ammonia with a certified carbon footprint below a very low (but as-yet undetermined) threshold. And, as ever, Europe must seek to embed its activities within an international context and work across stakeholders to speed up ammonia’s market readiness. These coal users make up 76 percent of worldwide coal usage, although Asia accounts for 67 percent of worldwide coal usage. 97% production of GHGs), while in the ammonia power plant the majority of GHGs (i.e. Boosting ammonia’s role in decarbonization As the EU’s hydrogen strategy and Japan’s global Green Ammonia initiative show, to develop the market for carbon-free ammonia, it will be critical to also develop low-carbon synthesis as an interim step. The Ammonia Roadmap published last year by the country’s Strategic Innovation Promotion Program Energy Carriers initiative calls for engineering and feasibility studies through the first part of the 2020s. This Process Economics Program (PEP) review presents an update on the subject of synthesis gas (syngas) production from coal. By Robert F. Service Jul. This means that implementation of a co-firing strategy in Japan alone would increase global demand for ammonia by approximately 20%. 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