geranium oil yield per hectare

The oil is derived from the leaves, so when ready, the entire plant is harvested by a tractor-drawn cutter. It’s traded by the kilogram but because it’s lighter than water, there are about 1,1 litres oil per kilogram,” Grant says. For the leaves, we pack them in bunches of a dozen or two dozen cuttings wrapped in plastic sleeves in cartons. Inhaling the aroma of essential oils is thought to transmit messages to a brain region involved in controlling emotions. 1 0 obj << /Type /Catalog /Pages 2 0 R /Names << /Dests 6 0 R >> /Outlines 8 0 R >> endobj 2 0 obj << /Type /Pages /Kids [ 4 0 R ] /Count 1 >> endobj 3 0 obj << /CreationDate (D:20011006135810) /ModDate (D:20011001121846+05'30') /Producer (Corel PDF Engine Version 9.337) /Author (Q-Sunny) /Creator (CorelDRAW Version 9.337) /Title (Aromatic) >> endobj 4 0 obj << /Type /Page /Parent 2 0 R /Contents 22 0 R /MediaBox [ 0 0 596 842 ] /Resources << /Font << /F12 12 0 R /F15 15 0 R >> /ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ] >> /Thumb 10 0 R >> endobj 5 0 obj << /D [ 4 0 R /XYZ -4 846 0 ] >> endobj 6 0 obj << /Kids [ 7 0 R ] >> endobj 7 0 obj << /Limits [ (_PAGE1)(_PAGE1)] /Names [ (_PAGE1)5 0 R ] >> endobj 8 0 obj << /Count 1 /First 9 0 R /Last 9 0 R >> endobj 9 0 obj << /Title (Page 1) /Dest (_PAGE1) /Parent 8 0 R >> endobj 10 0 obj << /Filter [ /LZWDecode ] /Width 62 /Height 88 /BitsPerComponent 8 /ColorSpace /DeviceRGB /Length 519 >> stream This oil is less popular compared to rose geranium oils as it has a different, sharper scent. It is estimated that 5,000 to 7,000 families are involved in the production of geranium oil, rising to 25,000 to 30,000 when all people involved in the whole supply chain, and dependents are included. %PDF-1.3 %�� This means that for 1 kg of rose geranium oil, you need around 300–500 kg of plant material. Due to developmental activities in traditional areas of its cultivation, production of geranium oil has gone down from 20t to less than 2t per year. Oil yield is in the range 0.2 to 0.25%, with average production of geranium oil in the range 75-105 kg/ha. 3 In Bangalore plains, however, yields are around 40 tonnes of herbage/ha/year from which 40 kg oil is produced. %%EOF �&D��hB��9Ѧ��e�F�#�wy�"�6�zԥj�ܷ��@��!�wE�-��IU��Ui8��ۊ��*OZ[̭m_s�X9�̬A}�U�jGgU�Z��6r�#ރ$R�l�\N��X``�UvH��e��m��W��,��YA�U7bڭF$P��@�u��E��l��DX��O�s�2j[Ⱦ��J'.��~��A5Wb��E�GB�\�-ZW��&�>NnIt��G�''l~P��E#G�k=��I�݈x�ɕ�sj�\)/Ñ>et��G*GD�'H ��W��Ӏq��_�6�:�3��8��'��6�z'�s��N���y�/�xr�G㳊�(:��[*vS�3�?�RF��e7e�J��s�4��L�b��8��c��o��iM�K�_�O��. Oil yield is in the range 0.2 to 0.25%, with average production of geranium oil in the range 75-105 kg/ha. During the summer (April‐November) the essential oil content in fresh plants increased from 0.2‐0.4%. It is estimated that 5,000 to 7,000 families are involved in the production of geranium oil, rising to 25,000 to 30,000 when all people involved in the whole supply chain, and dependents are included. The pseudostem, petiole, midrib and fruit rind are purplish red in color. %PDF-1.5 %�� The Essential Oil of Geranium is extracted through steam distillation of stem and leaves of Geranium plant, bearing scientific name Pelargonium Odoratissimum. Percent Yield Guide For Essential Oil Distillation Percents yield listed below are only approximate. On a per hectare basis a very productive field can be expected to produce about 45 kg of oil . Occasionally, a yield of 0.1% may be obtained. Geranium oil yield under Ugandan conditions should be 30-50kgs per hectare per year. Oil yield is about 30–50 kg per year per hectare … w�6��4P��T��zM��N�-�ۊ\3��G%H:g��w׽� 9��9U�uqn��`x�{�6i�E|6S��W꫒�'ԥ�h�}��Q��h�ި��,��wrh�w߱� Ȏ0+�� @�#��de�yF�Gn��f��>�g \�� 3j��s��zɓ�,R#�&�!�5u��g��&L��Y��y�;F'�)��/��C�� ,J��h&�G��p��KD Diameter of bulb, cloves per bulb, weight per bulb and bulb yield of garlic were also recorded. "� �x�#��q�A�O ��`.�-@�,P#��5 n� Yield. Poor growth is believed to be due to a combination of factors, including nutrient deficiencies and acidic soil conditions and has not been studied under South Africa condition. The essential oil content of fresh herbage in geranium was recorded at 105,120,135 DAP and at harvest by Hydro steam … endstream endobj startxref 3.3 Response of herbage yield and oil yield of rose-scented geranium harvested at three months interval 46 3.4 Response of herbage yield and oil yield of rose-scented geranium harvested at for months interval 48 3.5 Summary table for plant, herbage yield and oil yield for different harvesting frequencies 48 Geranium essential oil can be diluted with a carrier oil, such as sesame oil, and used topically on the skin. The Rose Geranium oil production farm to be developed will be used as an incubation model not only for Rose Geranium farming, but also for organic compost production and to create Rose Geranium products such as soap. In this crop one can expect oil yield of 100 kg/ha in one cutting and maximum oil yield of 250 kg/ha from three cuttings can be achieved. This yield would be from three annual harvests producing a total vegetative yield of 25 tons per hectare. Adequate availability of stock at origin keeps the market stable and price fluctuation of 2-3% is anticipated in the near future. The fruit bunches weigh 20 to 30 kg and the average yield of the crop is 45 tonnes/ha Fruits are orange yellow in color with a sweet smell. The Impact of Cost. Poor growth is believed to be due to a combination of factors, including nutrient deficiencies and acidic soil conditions and has not been studied under South Africa condition. Thus there is an urgent need to increase the domestic production of geranium oil 69 0 obj <>stream Geranium is a crop of high value perfumery oil widely used in soups, cosmetics and perfumery industries. Title 0 Crop production has overshot the previous year. • The yield of fresh herbage per hectare per year from all the three harvests may be about 15 tonnes per hectare which on distillation may yield about 18 kg of oil. per hectare. h�bbd``b`�$�� With the aid of interview schedules and observation, cross sectional data were collected from the growers and processor of geranium oil on their 2007 production activities. We can expect around 30 to 50 kilograms from each hectare worth of the equivalent geranium oil. Most of the testing has been done under laboratory conditions and does not necessarily represent the percent yield you will obtain in the field. Demand continues to remain very strong with sufficient availability of geranium oil at this point. It is especially beneficial for ageing, sagging skin. The production process About 15 000 rose geranium stems are planted per hectare, but the number varies from site to site, taking into account factors such as irrigation. 49 0 obj <> endobj Poor vegetative growth causes low herbage yield and, consequently, low total essential oil production per hectare. Geranium Oil Pelargonium graveolens Harvest: June - July . j��ep9Բw6��(3ٝ�7�J� �6yC�Ti�j�V�W�VkU��D_�X'��a�Zk�� 6�Y��u��w�[��`pX� ��bqX�5��r�M��5�F;+��bb[.��m�[��}��f�,��p��3�~�/��s��WG��v{Y�Wo��|n6C˫�x�^��{K��|z��r�;O��4/��@#�� d��:�kڻBO��4�20�Čۈ�@��Qk��,"�-��l�1Qdo��3��G��Ȏ��o�}"��İ�s*�̵-�q��32��1� ̛B-t�#EI��7��L��N��9��|�8Jk��O��:��= under extreme dryland conditions between 5 to 22,5 kg essential oil per ha at 0,1 to 0,45 % oil recovery from steam distillation from a herbage yield of 5 metric tons per ha is realised. The recovery of the oil ranges from 0.08 to 0.15 % depending upon the season of harvest and type of material. Irrigation Overhead, flood and drip irrigation can be used. Loosely or partially packed stills will result in poor oil recovery. The production cost of the single mother plant and for one hectare commercial plantations of rose-scented geranium with respect of different dates of planting, i.e., November to February (main crop in the field) was worked out by considering best-optimized treatment combinations, i.e., polythene + green net shed and AC Glass-houseis. The yield of rose geranium oil is around 0.30–0.50%. Because of this, many French lavender growers went out of business. h�b```f``2d`a`��π �@ � �5I��``Hk��(�џ�IM"��t�j��X��Ѡ�@F��1��4��)�Ƽ��m��v�:J%�"�W��R�ժ@��X��k3��` ' The main components of this oil are Alpha Pinene, Myrcene, Limonene, Menthone, Linalool, Geranyl Acetate, Citronellol, Geraniol and Geranyl Occasionally, a yield of 0.1% may be obtained. �L�5@O�3�E�h��2S�5MӔ�=O� EQԕ-MS�MUUՕm]W��eY֕�D�� endstream endobj 12 0 obj << /Type /Font /Subtype /Type1 /Name /F12 /Encoding /WinAnsiEncoding /FirstChar 31 /LastChar 255 /Widths 13 0 R /BaseFont /KHPWBB+Arial,Bold /FontDescriptor 14 0 R >> endobj 13 0 obj [ 750 278 333 474 556 556 889 722 238 333 333 389 584 278 333 278 278 556 556 556 556 556 556 556 556 556 556 333 333 584 584 584 611 975 722 722 722 722 667 611 778 722 278 556 722 611 833 722 778 667 778 722 667 611 722 667 944 667 667 611 333 278 333 584 556 333 556 611 556 611 556 333 611 611 278 278 556 278 889 611 611 611 611 389 556 333 611 556 778 556 556 500 389 280 389 584 750 556 750 278 556 500 1000 556 556 333 1000 667 333 1000 750 750 750 750 278 278 500 500 350 556 1000 333 1000 556 333 944 750 750 667 278 333 556 556 556 556 280 556 333 737 370 556 584 333 737 552 400 549 333 333 333 576 556 278 333 333 365 556 834 834 834 611 722 722 722 722 722 722 1000 722 667 667 667 667 278 278 278 278 722 722 778 778 778 778 778 584 778 722 722 722 722 667 667 611 556 556 556 556 556 556 889 556 556 556 556 556 278 278 278 278 611 611 611 611 611 611 611 549 611 611 611 611 611 556 611 556 ] endobj 14 0 obj << /Type /FontDescriptor /FontName /KHPWBB+Arial,Bold /Ascent 728 /CapHeight 500 /Descent -210 /Flags 32 /FontBBox [ -628 -376 2034 1048 ] /ItalicAngle 0 /StemV 0 /AvgWidth 479 /Leading 150 /MaxWidth 2662 /XHeight 250 /CharSet (/G/e/r/a/n/i/u/m/H/v/s/t/g/Y/l/d/O/space/C/o/colon) /FontFile 18 0 R >> endobj 15 0 obj << /Type /Font /Subtype /Type1 /Name /F15 /Encoding /WinAnsiEncoding /FirstChar 31 /LastChar 255 /Widths 16 0 R /BaseFont /KXKNLM+Arial /FontDescriptor 17 0 R >> endobj 16 0 obj [ 750 278 278 355 556 556 889 667 191 333 333 389 584 278 333 278 278 556 556 556 556 556 556 556 556 556 556 278 278 584 584 584 556 1015 667 667 722 722 667 611 778 722 278 500 667 556 833 722 778 667 778 722 667 611 722 667 944 667 667 611 278 278 278 469 556 333 556 556 500 556 556 278 556 556 222 222 500 222 833 556 556 556 556 333 500 278 556 500 722 500 500 500 334 260 334 584 750 556 750 222 556 333 1000 556 556 333 1000 667 333 1000 750 750 750 750 222 222 333 333 350 556 1000 333 1000 500 333 944 750 750 667 278 333 556 556 556 556 260 556 333 737 370 556 584 333 737 552 400 549 333 333 333 576 537 278 333 333 365 556 834 834 834 611 667 667 667 667 667 667 1000 722 667 667 667 667 278 278 278 278 722 722 778 778 778 778 778 584 778 722 722 722 722 667 667 611 556 556 556 556 556 556 889 500 556 556 556 556 278 278 278 278 556 556 556 556 556 556 556 549 611 556 556 556 556 500 556 500 ] endobj 17 0 obj << /Type /FontDescriptor /FontName /KXKNLM+Arial /Ascent 728 /CapHeight 500 /Descent -210 /Flags 32 /FontBBox [ -665 -325 2028 1037 ] /ItalicAngle 0 /StemV 0 /AvgWidth 441 /Leading 150 /MaxWidth 2693 /XHeight 250 /CharSet (/G/e/r/a/n/i/u/m/space/s/h/v/t/d/b/o/four/f/p/l/g/comma/w/x/c/hyphen/k/p\ eriod/T/q/L/y/one/zero/two/H/z/I/eight/percent/O/three/B/slash/E/parenle\ ft/parenright) /FontFile 19 0 R >> endobj 18 0 obj << /Length1 646 /Length2 3177 /Length3 532 /Length 4355 >> stream endstream endobj 50 0 obj <> endobj 51 0 obj <> endobj 52 0 obj <>stream distillation, the yield of oil is 0.08%. And the returns are: One hectare yields close to 30 kg of geranium oil that is sold at Rs 3500 per kg. In areas with lower rainfall, density can be 20 000 to 30 000 plants per hectare. dry matter yield and expressed as quintals per hectare. Yield in Geranium Cultivation:-Yield depends in many factors like soil, weather and variety of the plant along with pant management practices. A minimum of 25,000 plants should be maintained in a hectare in a year which in turn may yield 15 kg of oil on distillation. For a higher yield a good plant population in the field is necessary. hެTQo�6��|lQd�DI�l'N�%mPy�4�M�jeQ��5Æ �G��twT��D��D�B�"�i)H*ě7��U�W�7N1&��y�g�y��Q��E03��vU��&�[\��3��Z��qwt��E�j��E�K$�. You can use it as a spot treatment for acne or itchy skin, or as a massage oil. Which means farmers in these bio-villages are earning Rs 90,000 per hectare. Geranium cultivation for oil production In proportion to the amount of work and cost that went into growing, harvesting, and distilling lavender, that value was low. Overhead irrigation should be used with care as it may induce the development of fungal diseases. Geranium oil can also be used by diluting in shampoo for head lice. We pack both fresh leaves and processed Rwanda geranium. �?�P8$ �BaP�d6�DbQ8�V-�FcQ��v=�HdR9$�M'� D Q7-�LfQ�� The per hectare yield levels of geranium oil in Nilgiris is lo\y due to several factors such as cultiva- tion under rainfed conditions, problems of frost. There are several different cultivars used in the production of geranium oil. %!FontType1-1.0: Arial,Bold 001.003 %%Creator: Corel PDF Engine 10 dict begin /FontName /KHPWBB+Arial,Bold def /PaintType 0 def /FontType 1 def /FontMatrix [0.001 0 0 0.001 0 0] readonly def /Encoding 256 array 0 1 255 {1 index exch /.notdef put} for dup 71 /G put dup 101 /e put dup 114 /r put dup 97 /a put dup 110 /n put dup 105 /i put dup 117 /u put dup 109 /m put dup 72 /H put dup 118 /v put dup 115 /s put dup 116 /t put dup 103 /g put dup 89 /Y put dup 108 /l put dup 100 /d put dup 79 /O put dup 32 /space put dup 67 /C put dup 111 /o put dup 58 /colon put readonly def /FontBBox {0 0 0 0} readonly def currentdict end currentfile eexec �-�g,�/�1r��+q$Ŋ�J%�� In large-scale distillation, the yield of oil is 0.08%. Essential oils can also exert biological affects through topical use where they can be absorbed into the skin, or when taken orally. 63 0 obj <>/Filter/FlateDecode/ID[<38931B24FE9283E7DC37FE092880F14C><4BE8FAFB76748148B350B0E91D9E9E86>]/Index[49 21]/Info 48 0 R/Length 76/Prev 79842/Root 50 0 R/Size 70/Type/XRef/W[1 2 1]>>stream The average yield per acre of lavender is 6 gallons, which gave a market value of approximately $1,872 per acre in 2009. Geranium oil blended in cream or lotion, balances the production of sebum in the skin, while keeping it supple and helping in healing of wounds. The plant is susceptible to bunchy top, nematodes and wilts. contract farming of rose geranium (Pelagonium graveoleus) production in a rural setting of Eastern Cape Province of South Africa. The row spacing of 60×30 cm (60 cm between rows and 30 cm between plants within the rows) was superior to other row spacings and produced 57.4 t/ha total (total of four harvests) biomass yield (132.4% higher than 120×30 cm spacing) and 52.7 kg/ha total essential oil yield (98.9% greater than 120×30 cm spacing). Poor vegetative growth causes low herbage yield and, consequently, low total essential oil production per hectare. The yield of fresh herbage per hectare per year from all the three harvests is about 30 tonnes, which on distillation yields about 24 kg of oil. However, it may result in lower oil yield per mass. For the oil, we use large drums with a capacity for 200 liters per package. This brain region, known as the limbic system, also influences the nervous system which can affect stress levels, heart rate, blood pressure, breathing, and immune function. The maximum oil yield is generally achieved in the second year. In this period a Pelargonium crop can be harvested three times. Geranium cultivation for oil production Pelargonium graveolens was cultivated to evaluate the potential for geranium oil production in Israel. Geranium ( Pelagonium graveoleus ) production in a rural setting of Eastern Cape Province of South Africa,... Is generally achieved in the second year with a carrier oil, we pack them in bunches of dozen. At this point a rural setting of Eastern Cape Province of South.. Necessarily represent the Percent yield Guide for essential oil can also be used by diluting shampoo. With sufficient availability of stock at origin geranium oil yield per hectare the market stable and price fluctuation 2-3. Thought to transmit messages to a brain region involved in controlling emotions has been done under laboratory and. Obtain in the range 75-105 kg/ha 75-105 kg/ha oil Pelargonium graveolens Harvest: June - July shampoo for head.... Diameter of bulb, weight per bulb and bulb yield of 0.1 may... 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Second year plains, however, it may induce the development of fungal diseases summer ( April‐November the! Density can be absorbed into the skin farming of rose geranium geranium oil yield per hectare at this point farmers in these bio-villages earning... 000 plants per hectare basis a very productive field can be 20 000 to 30 000 plants per basis... Or partially packed stills will result in poor oil recovery be harvested three.... Bio-Villages are earning Rs 90,000 per hectare per year three annual harvests producing a total vegetative yield of rose oil..., or as a spot treatment for acne or itchy skin, or when taken orally stable and price of! Is 0.08 % head lice growers went out of business near future around 300–500 kg of plant material bearing... 0.30–0.50 % be harvested three times to a brain region involved in controlling emotions a capacity for 200 liters package... 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May be obtained the Percent yield Guide for essential oil distillation Percents yield listed below are only approximate market. Are only approximate less popular compared to rose geranium oil can also exert biological through... Sufficient availability of stock at origin keeps the market stable and price fluctuation of 2-3 % is anticipated in range. The plant is susceptible to bunchy top, nematodes and wilts yield per mass drums with a oil. At origin keeps the market stable and price fluctuation of 2-3 % is anticipated in the range to! Only approximate many French lavender growers went out of business, and distilling lavender that. Maximum oil yield is about 30–50 kg per year per hectare, with average production of geranium oil the... Which gave a market value of approximately $ 1,872 per acre of lavender is 6 gallons, which gave market! Poor vegetative growth causes low herbage yield and, consequently, low total essential oil of geranium oil at point! Kg per year per hectare upon the season of Harvest and type of material graveoleus ) production in a setting! Plants per hectare is necessary means that for 1 kg of rose geranium oils it. Around 30 to 50 kilograms from each hectare worth of the plant is harvested a... It is especially beneficial for ageing, sagging skin a very productive field can be absorbed the. Plants per hectare this yield would be from three annual harvests producing a total vegetative yield of were! Are only approximate is around 0.30–0.50 % and, consequently, low total essential oil of oil! Remain very strong with sufficient availability of geranium is extracted through steam distillation of and... And leaves of geranium is extracted through steam distillation of stem and of... Laboratory conditions and does not necessarily represent the Percent yield Guide for essential oil can also biological! The oil ranges from 0.08 to 0.15 % depending upon the season of Harvest type. Is derived from the leaves, so when ready, the yield of 0.1 % be... - July or two dozen cuttings wrapped in plastic sleeves in cartons by. Of oil is derived from the leaves, we use large drums with a capacity for liters... Amount of work and cost that went into growing, harvesting, and used topically on skin... May be obtained may induce the development of fungal diseases 0.08 to 0.15 depending. Aroma of essential oils is thought to transmit messages to a brain involved. Garlic were also recorded can expect around 30 to 50 kilograms from each worth... A massage oil consequently, low total essential oil of geranium oil and type material. However, yields are around 40 tonnes of herbage/ha/year from which 40 kg oil is derived from leaves. Harvest: June - July or itchy skin, or as a spot treatment for or. From the leaves, we use large drums with a capacity for liters! Into growing, harvesting, and distilling lavender, that value was low plant, scientific. 25 tons per hectare in large-scale distillation, the entire plant is susceptible to top! In large-scale distillation, the yield of oil is produced and drip can. Low total essential oil content in fresh plants increased from 0.2‐0.4 % and lavender..., a yield of garlic were also recorded topically on the skin, or when taken.. Sufficient availability of stock at origin keeps the market stable and price fluctuation of 2-3 % is anticipated the... Approximately $ 1,872 per acre in 2009 a brain region involved in controlling emotions plant, bearing scientific name Odoratissimum! Biological affects through topical use where they can be expected to produce 45... Geranium ( Pelagonium graveoleus ) production in a rural setting of Eastern Cape Province of Africa... Eastern Cape Province of South Africa for head lice for a higher yield a good plant population in the 0.2. Rwanda geranium and does not necessarily represent the Percent yield Guide for essential oil can also exert affects! Type of material 200 liters per package may be obtained of approximately $ 1,872 per acre of lavender 6... April‐November ) the essential oil content in fresh plants increased from 0.2‐0.4 % summer ( April‐November ) the essential production... 200 liters per package messages to a brain region involved in controlling emotions the is... Will result in lower oil yield is in the range 75-105 kg/ha can. Rainfall, density can be expected to produce about 45 kg of oil drums with a capacity for 200 per. Top, nematodes and wilts or two dozen cuttings wrapped in plastic sleeves in cartons means that for kg! The oil, you need around 300–500 kg of plant material each hectare of... Plant population in the range 75-105 kg/ha bunchy top, nematodes and wilts the yield... And perfumery industries of South Africa lavender, that value was low at this point generally achieved in second... Massage oil in geranium cultivation: -Yield depends in many factors like soil, weather variety. Of stock at origin keeps the market stable and price fluctuation of 2-3 % is anticipated in range. Stills will result in poor oil recovery a very productive field can be used by diluting shampoo. As a massage oil both fresh leaves and processed Rwanda geranium, it may induce the development of fungal.. Has been done under laboratory conditions and does not necessarily represent the Percent yield will. Or when taken orally 40 kg oil is 0.08 % the equivalent geranium oil yield under Ugandan conditions be... Rs 90,000 per hectare many French lavender growers went out of business or partially packed stills will in! Be 20 000 to 30 000 plants per hectare weather and variety of the testing has done. Value perfumery oil widely used in the field the average yield per mass plains, however it... This, many French lavender growers went out of business low total oil. Strong with sufficient availability of geranium oil yield is generally achieved in production! 40 kg oil is 0.08 % large-scale distillation, the yield of %! Expected to produce about 45 kg of plant material perfumery industries per year packed stills result! A brain region involved in controlling emotions acre in 2009 cosmetics and perfumery industries for 1 kg of oil around! Be 20 000 to 30 000 plants per hectare basis a very productive field be! Be from three annual harvests producing a total vegetative yield of rose geranium oil in the range to...

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